ADVERB, NEGATIVE, ADJECTIVE, COMMAND AND NEGATIVE COMMAND

ADVERBS

Adverbs are used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

1. Mary sings beautifully
2. David is extremely clever 
3. This car goes incredibly fast

In [1], the adverb beautifully tells us how Mary sings. In [2], extremely tells us the degree to which David is clever. Finally, in [3], the adverb incredibly tells us how fast the car goes. 

 Before discussing the meaning of adverbs, however, we will identify some of their formal characteristics. 

Formal Characteristics of Adverbs

From our examples above, you can see that many adverbs end in -ly. More precisely, they are formed by adding -ly to an adjective:   

Adjective	slow	quick	soft	sudden	gradual
Adverb	slowly	quickly	softly	suddenly	gradually

Because of their distinctive endings, these adverbs are known as -LY ADVERBS. However, by no means all adverbs end in -ly. Note also that some adjectives also end in -ly, including costly, deadly, friendly, kindly, likely, lively, manly, and timely. 

Like adjectives, many adverbs are GRADABLE, that is, we can modify them using very or extremely:  

softly	very softly
suddenly	very suddenly
slowly	extremely slowly

The modifying words very and extremely are themselves adverbs. They are called DEGREE ADVERBS because they specify the degree to which an adjective or another adverb applies. Degree adverbs include almost, barely, entirely, highly, quite, slightly, totally, and utterly. Degree adverbs are not gradable (*extremely very). 

Like adjectives, too, some adverbs can take COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE forms, with -er and -est:  

John works hard -- Mary works harder -- I work hardest

However, the majority of adverbs do not take these endings. Instead, they form the comparative using more and the superlative using most: 

Adverb	Comparative	Superlative
recently	more recently	most recently
effectively	more effectively	most effectively
frequently	more frequently	most frequently

In the formation of comparatives and superlatives, some adverbs are irregular: 

Adverb	Comparative	Superlative
well	better	best
badly	worse	worst
little	less	least
much	more	most

 Adverbs and Adjectives

Adverbs and adjectives have important characteristics in common -- in particular their gradability, and the fact that they have comparative and superlative forms. However, an important distinguishing feature is that adverbs do not modify nouns, either attributively or predicatively: 

Adjective	Adverb
David is a happy child	*David is a happily child
David is happy	*David is happily

The following words, together with their comparative and superlative forms, can be both adverbs and adjectives:  

early, far, fast, hard, late

The following sentences illustrate the two uses of early:  

Adjective	Adverb
I'll catch the early train	I awoke early this morning

The comparative better and the superlative best, as well as some words denoting time intervals (daily, weekly, monthly), can also be adverbs or adjectives, depending on how they are used. 

We have incorporated some of these words into the following exercise. See if you can distinguish between the adverbs and the adjectives.   

NEGATIVE

Either Neither

Either or neither di gunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat negative.

[S1 + auxiliary not + V + O dan S2 + auxiliary not + either / neither + auxiliary + S2]

Neither = not either, oleh karenanya setelah auxiliary tidak, tidak disertai „not‟ lagi.

Example:

·         They do not come late

·          Brian does not come late

They do not come late and Brian does not either / neither does Brian

Kalimat pertanyaan pertama yang mengandung kata: never, seldom, rarely, hardly, few and little dianggap memiliki pengertian negative.

Example:

·         I seldom visit my uncle, and neither does my sister

·         I rarely visit my uncle, but my sister does.

Gabungan Setara

Bilamana kata „either‟ dan „neither‟ di ikuti oleh „or‟ dan „nor‟kata kerja/ auxiliarynya mungkin singular atau pun plural (jamak) bergantung pada kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟ apakah singular atau plural.

Kalaupun kata „or‟ atau „nor‟ berdiri sendiri, verb tetap di temukan oleh kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟.

Neither John nor Bill is going to class today

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

Neither John nor his friends are going to class today

rarely, hardly, barely

Rarely adalah adverb of frequency yang menunjukkan intensitas waktu (how often) sedangkan hardly dan barely adalah adverb of measurement yang menujukkan ke tidakmampuan / kesulitan seseorang untukmelakukan sesuatu ketiganya mempunyai arti yang sama

Contoh :

·         Marti rarely drinks coffee

(marti hampir tidak pernah minum kopi)

·         Do yo hardly ever get sick

(apakah kamu hampir tidak pernah jatuh sakit?

ADJECTIVE

Pengertian Adjective

Adjective adalah suatu kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun yang dapat berupa: person (orang), place (tempat), animal (binatang), maupun thing (benda, konsep abstrak). Kata sifat ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.

Adjective Phrase dan Compound Adjective

Adjective mungkin berbentuk sederhana (dark, hot, young), atau berbentuk frasa. Frasa adjective, disebut adjective phrase, merupakan kombinasi dari adjective (sebagai head) dan modifier atau determiner.

Contoh Adjective Phrase:

·         very dark chocolate

·         many young married couple

Selain itu, dua adjective mungkin dapat bergabung untuk membentuk kata baru yang disebut compound adjective.

Contoh Compound Adjective:

·         part-time jobs

·         oil-free lotion

Adjective Position

Kata sifat mungkin menempati salah satu posisi:

·         Attributive: diletakkan di depan noun (beautiful girls)

·         Postpositive: dibelakang noun tanpa disela linking verb (someone special)

·         Predicative: diletakkan setelah noun dengan disela linking verb (contoh kalimat: The lady is beautiful)

Adjective Order

Jika ada lebih dari satu adjective di depan noun, kita perlu mengikuti adjective order, yakni urutan adjective berdasarkan kategori: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose.

Contoh Adjective Order:

·         two happy small blue birds (opinion – size – color)

Adjective Degree

Untuk menyatakan perbandingan, dapat digunakan adjective dalam bentuk:

·         positive degree: membandingkan kesetaraan (She is as good as you in math.)

·         comparative degree: untuk membandingkan dua hal (Today should be better than yesterday.)

·         superlative degree: untuk membandingkan tiga hal atau lebih (He was the best of all of us.)

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause merupakan dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective, untuk menjelaskan noun atau pronoun pada suatu complex sentence.

Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause:

·         The student who always goes to school by bus is my friend.

Klause ini mungkin direduksi (dipersingkat) – reduced adjective clause – dengan menghilangkan relative pronoun dan mengubah kata kerja yang digunakan menjadi participle.

Contoh Kalimat Reduced Adjective Clause:

·         The student always going to school by bus is my friend.

Penggunaan Adjectives

Semua kata sifat atau adjectives dalam contoh-contoh kalimat di atas menerangkan kata benda yang ada di depannya. Adjectives dapat digunakan pada kata benda dalam bentuk singular (tunggal) maupun plural (jamak). Adjectives dalam bentuk tunggal dan jamak tidak mengalami perubahan. Bagian yang berubah hanyalah to be dan kata bendanya, yaitu disesuaikan dengan bentuk tunggal atau jamak.

Contoh :

-        She is a clever student. ------------------> singular / tunggal

 (Dia adalah murid yang pintar.)

-        Diana and Ferdy are clever students.-----> plural / jamak

(Diana dan Ferdy adalah murid yang pintar.)

-         I am busy. -------------------------------> singular / tunggal

(Saya sibuk.)

-        We are busy. ----------------------------> plural / jamak

 (Kami sibuk.)

Apabila terdapat dua adjective atau lebih sebelum kata benda, kedua adjectives tersebut diletakan langsung secara berurutan.

Contoh :

-        A funny short story.

(Sebuah cerita pendek yang lucu.)

-        A pretty blonde girl.

(Seorang gadis cantik yang pirang.)

Namun, apabila terdapat dua buah atau lebih adjective yang menunjukan warna, keduanya harus dipisahkan dengan kata "and" diantara adjective tersebut.

Contoh :

-        A blue, red and yellow jacket.

(sebuah jaket berwarna biru, merah dan kuning.)

-        My black and white photo.

(Photo hitam dan putih saya.)

Selain ketentuan-ketentuan tersebut di atas, adjective juga pada umumnya ditempatkan setelah to be.

Contoh :

-        You are lazy student.

(Kamu adalah murid yang malas.)

-        She is a beautiful girl.

(Dia adalah anak perempuan yang cantik.)

Macam-Macam Adjectives

Adjective dalam bahasa inggris dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa macam, yaitu :

·         Descriptive Adjectives

Yaitu adjective yang menerangkan keadaan atau bentuk suatu benda. kata-kata yang termasuk dalam kelompok ini adalah : beautiful (cantik), big (besar), clever (pintar), high (tinggi), low (rendah), dll.

Contoh :

- Amira is a beautiful girl. 

  (Amira adalah anak perempuan yang cantik.

- She has a big body.

(Dia memiliki badan yang besar.)

·         Distributive Adjectives

Yaitu adjective yang bersifat distributif (terbagi-bagi). Beberapa contoh katanya adalah : each (masing-masing), every (tiap-tiap), either (salah satu dari), neither (tidak satu pun), dll.

Contoh :

- They study English every day.

(Mereka belajar bahasa inggris setiap hari.)

·         Possessive Adjectives

Yaitu adjective yang menyatakan atau menunjukan kepunyaan (kepemilikan).

Contoh :

-  my (kepunyaan saya

-  your (kepunyaan kamu)

-  her (kepunyaan dia - perempuan)

- his (kepunyaan dia - laki-laki)

- their (kepunyaan mereka)

- our (kepunyaan kami)

- its (kepunyaan : benda dan binatang)

·         Demonstrative Adjectives

Yaitu adjective yang digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu benda.

Contoh :

- this (ini - tunggal)

- that (itu - tunggal)

- these (ini - jamak)

- those (itu - jamak)

·         Interrogative Adjectives

Yaitu adjective yang digunakan untuk menanyakan suatu benda.

Contoh:

- What (apakah)

- Which (yang manakah)

- whose (kepunyaan siapakah)

- what colour (apa warnanya)

·         Quantitative Adjectives

Yaitu adjective yang digunakan untuk menerangkan jumlah benda.

Contoh :

- many (banyak - untuk benda yang dapat dihitung)

- much (untuk benda yang tidak dapat dihitung)

- a little (sedikit - untuk benda yang tidak dapat dihitung)

- a few (sedikit - untuk benda yang dapat dihitung)

COMMAND, and NEGATIVE COMMAND

In positive commands, we use the INFINITIVE VERB without "to" and without SUBJECT:

• Go!
•  Look at me. 
• Help!   
• Be quiet. 
• Be good. 
• Stop talking. 
• Sit down. 
• Shut up! 
• Call the police! 
• Wait a minute.

In negative commands, we use: "do" + "not" + INFINITIVE VERB without "to" and without SUBJECT:

• Don't wear that stupid hat. 
• Do not sign your name with a pencil. Sign with a pen. 
• Don't walk on the grass. 
• Don't act like an idiot. 
• Don't yell at me!

Of course there are many words to soften a command:

• Please repeat the question. 
• Please speak more slowly. --Thank you 
• Tell me please, what time is it? --Thank you. 
• Excuse me, pass me the salt please. –Thanks 
• Excuse me, come this way please. 
• Pardon me, please don't smoke in the elevator. 
• Pardon me, please speak quietly, remember that you are in a hospital. 
• Hold on please. 

Sumber :

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/adverbs/adverbs.htm 

http://www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com/2013/08/fungsi-penggunan-macam-macam-dan-cara.html 

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-dan-contoh-kalimat-adjectives-kata-sifat-dalam-bahasa-inggris